Psychology and Sociology

Response Paper on “Anatomy of an Epidemic” by Bob Fancher

Introduction to Psychology - Three Men Who Created a Great Deal of Debate: B.F. Skinner, Sigmund Freud, and Abraham Maslow

The world has seen the likes of many interesting people and there were three gentleman who left their mark on this world creating a great deal of debate due to their theories. B.F. Skinner, Sigmund Freud, and Abraham Maslow. Each individual was responsible for a number of theories that remain as controversial as they were years ago. Never the less the three have made a significant impact in the world of psychology and use these theories as a form of teaching in modern times. Though their theories have been challenge by others we can not argue the fact that most of them make a sense.

What Counseling is to Me: Definitions, Thoughts, and Reflections

An Explanation/Definition of Counseling and the Most Essential Characteristics of a Helping Relationship:
In 2010 the American Counseling Association adopted the following new working definition of counseling: Counseling is a professional relationship that empowers diverse individuals, families, and groups to accomplish mental health, wellness, education, and career goals(American Counseling Association,2011). As an upcoming counselor I would like to personalize or expand the definition to embrace the ideologies I will bring to the counseling setting. After looking at a number of theories and definitions of counseling my definition is a bit eclectic. Counseling is a helping relationship established between a professional and a client. The counselor encourages, challenges, enables and assists clients in making independent life altering changes and choices. This process occurs over a period of time through self-examination, exploration and the aid of other therapeutic techniques. In this relationship clients are also challenged to accept the responsibility and consequences for the choices they make.

The Many Different Elements to Social Mobility

Introduction
There are many different elements to social mobility; moving up in life is not as easy as it may appear. Social mobility refers to the movement of individuals or groups from one position in a society’s stratification system to another (Schaefer, 2010, p. 149). The degree of social mobility varies among open stratification systems and closed stratification systems. In addition, there are four major types of social mobility; horizontal, vertical, intergenerational, and intragenerational. Education, race and ethnicity, and gender all impact social mobility in various ways. Sociologists among the structural functionalist school of thought and the conflict theorists both have differing perspectives on social mobility.

Stratification systems

Racial Minority Relationships: Asian-Americans’ Empathetic Attitudes toward African-Americans

Advanced Issues in Clinical Psychology - Narcissistic Personality Disorder: Leaders/Followers Self Concepts and Charisma Related to the Disorder
In Addition to Theories, Criticisms, Limitations and Future Directions of Research in this Field

Abstract
Research studies, perspectives, theories, and conclusions about charismatic leadership and Narcissistic Personality Disorder will be compared and reviewed. Traditionally in psychology, Narcissistic Personality Disorder was not the typical topic of discussion but in recent decades Narcissistic Personality Disorder has become a popular construct amongst researchers, and psychoanalysts. This paper will emphasize research related to leaders/followers self-concepts, and charisma, in relation to narcissistic personality disorder, and the effects resulting from this combination. In addition theories, criticisms, limitations, and future directions of research in this field will be discussed.

Reduction of Seclusion Episodes Within Psychiatric Services

Reduction of seclusion episodes within psychiatric services has been a goal for many years (Tilley and Chambers 2005). There still continues to be a healthy debate on the subject. In this literature review there will be an exploration of issues regarding the subject. For the purpose of this search, Medline, PsychInfo, CINAL and PsyTri databases were utilized. Also, archive journal articles located within the Hillmorten research library. Throughout the majority of the literature reviewed, both physical and chemical restraint were themes. For this review they have been excluded.

More than 200 years have passed since French psychiatrist Philippe Pinel embarked on the course of unchaining the mental patients of La Salpetrière and Bicêtre. Today we are still using seclusion regularly in practice within psychiatry, despite supposed advances within the discipline (Busch 2005).

Self-Esteem and Stress Management

Self-esteem can be defined as a “favourable global interpretation of oneself” (Baumeister, Smart, & Boden, 1996, p. 5). Low self-esteem has been linked to depression (Overholser et al., 1995; Ryan et al., 1987; Butler et al, 1994, Kernis et al, 1991), where negative life events/situations can activate negative evaluations of the self in those with labile self-esteem (DeHart & Pelham, 2007). Having low self-esteem has also been associated with persecutory delusions (Freeman et al., 1998) as individuals attribute negative events and disappointments to the intentional actions of others in an effort to protect themselves from negative beliefs about themselves (Bentall et al., 2001).

I Would Never! - Can an Individual's Behavior Change Simply be Because They Were in a Group of People?

The psychology of human behavior is a strange, fickle, and often elusive thing. Everyone of “sound mind” will tell you that they make their own decisions and choices in life. Having one’s mind controlled by someone else is nothing aspired to by anyone. Even as far back as “the arrival of printing—thought to be the invention of the devil because it would put false opinions into people’s minds…” (Crystal 189), possession and control of one’s own thoughts and actions has been of the highest concern to us all. However, many of today’s experts say we don’t always have that control. Many experts believe that a person will act differently when in a group of people than the same person would act if alone. Could an individual’s behavior change (either in language or deed) simply be because they were in a group of people?

The Islamic Resurgence in Iran - Khomeini’s Revolt or a Popular Shiite Upheaval?

The Iranian Revolution has been one of the most shocking revolutions in recent history. Long viewed as a pillar of stability in the Middle East, Iran baffled the West when it rejected secular rule and became an authoritarian theocratic state. Few considered the rise of a theocracy in a modernized state possible, and even fewer thought it might come from a popular revolution. The modernizing Shah, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, King of Kings fled the country in humiliation. Moreover, the aim of the revolution seemed to be entirely different than others of its kind. Whereas most revolution are demands for the need of progress, the Revolution in Iran expressed the need for the preservation of religious and cultural identity. Indeed, the historical value of this revolution is undeniably relevant. As Arjomand, an Iranian sociologist of State University New York, puts it: “It is clear that the Islamic Revolution in Iran is a cataclysm as significant and as unprecedented in world history as the French Revolution of 1989 and the Russian Revolution of 1917.”

The Relationship Between Precipitation, Barometric Pressure, Temperature and Shoplifting

Introduction
Can hotter weather have an effect on negative human behaviour? Social psychology has long debating the heat hypothesis, saying that as temperatures rise, so do reports of criminal behaviour. Although scattered evidence suggests that a relationship may exist, it is a prolonged debate in which some research falsifies these claims, and some supports it (Anderson, 2001, p.33). This phenomenon has been observed long before the birth of Psychology as a science. Dating back to the 1500, even Shakespeare commented on such hypothesis: “I pray thee, good Mercuito, let’s retire; The day is hot, the Capulets abroad, And if we meet we shall not ‘scape a brawl, Forn now, these hot days, is the mad blood stirring” (1595).

Basic Counselling Skills and Their Usefulness - Empathy, Acceptance, Warmth and Genuineness

This essay explains the three essential qualities needed to become a good counsellor. The first part looks at Empathy, the second part Acceptance and Warmth (unconditional positive regard) and finally Genuineness (Congruence ).

Carl Rogers suggests that these three basic qualities are needed for a helping relationship to be successful. He also suggests that the counsellor’s skill to communicate these qualities would be sufficient in deciding if a helping relationship would have a positive outcome.

I will now examine each of these qualities:

EMPATHY
One dictionary definition explains empathy as ‘the power or state of imagining oneself to be another person and so of sharing his/her ideas and feelings’ ( Longman’s Dictionary ). But Carl Rogers gives a more precise definition. Empathy, according to Rogers is the ability to experience another person’s world as if it were one’s own without ever losing that ‘as if’ quality.

Solitary Confinement Paper

Introduction
This article will discuss the history solitary confinement, the reasons why solitary confinement is used, the side effects of solitary confinement, and some of the ethical frameworks that can be tied in with solitary confinement. The question that needs to be answered is: Is placing an individual in solitary confinement ethical? This paper will focus on the utilitarian, deontological, and peacemaking frameworks. Each will be described and used to determine whether solitary confinement is ethical or not from that point of view.

History of Solitary Confinement

Hermann Ebbinghaus: The Memory Man

There have been several advancements in the field of psychology since the days of Hermann Ebbinghaus. In the late 1800’s, there emerged several individuals whom contributed to the advancements of “new psychology”, including the founder of experimental psychology Wilhelm Wundt. Another influential character during this time was Gustav Fechner who is the “inadvertent founder of psychophysics”. As these ideas were presented, they inspired Ebbinghaus to further advance experimental psychology and psychophysics into a domain that had not been reached before. Herman Ebbinghaus has made a lasting impression in the psychology world by examining the human memory as seen with nonsense syllables, retention of memory, and the famous forgetting curve (Goodwin, 2008, p. 121).

Values Essay: Expressing the Ability to Apply Social Concepts and Values and Understanding the Social Work Values and Ethics

Social work is a profession where the objective is to improve the lives of individuals. Values serve as a guide for our lifestyle and interacting with individuals. The NASW Code of Ethics is a guideline for social workers. Within the NASW Code of Ethics, there are six values. The values are in place for the social worker and their work with the client. Each value benefits the individuals regardless of color, sex, religious belief or sexual orientation. As social workers, we should practice our professional values. If we, as social workers, fail to believe in the values the client will suffer. As social workers, we must follow and obey the Code of Ethics.

This essay serves two purposes. The first purpose of this essay is to express the ability to apply social concepts and values to my own life experiences. The second purpose of this essay is to show that I have a clear understanding of the social work values and ethics.

Value: Service

Psychology Paper on the Movie 50 First Dates

In the movie “50 First Dates”, Lucy Whitmore is involved in a horrible car accident which causes severe brain damage. The brain damage causes Lucy to suffer from short-term memory loss. This accident damaged her temporal lobe; more specifically, her hippocampal region. This area of the brain is crucial in forming new memories. The movie accurately demonstrated characteristics that would be found in someone with damage to the hippocampal region.
Lucy wakes up every day believing it is October 13th, 2002 which is her father’s birthday. October 13th was the day she and her father got in a car accident in town. Ever since then, she wakes up, remembering everything up to the point of the accident but nothing that has happened since then. Lucy’s belief that it is still October 13th causes her to accomplish her daily tasks that she had planned for that day. Every night when she goes to bed, “her slate is wiped clean”, as stated in the movie and the next morning she starts all over.

Paper on the Roles Food Can Take in Literature and Films

From the materials we discussed in class, I got a impression of the roles food can take in literature and films. Unlike other objects that also can be carriers of character’s thought, food brings culture and resonance in thought to the process. The desire to delicious things is shared among all mankind. So food is an easy medium to communicate to audience in film and literature. Among all the genres we have looked at, documentary and melodrama are the ones I think particularly good for advocating stances on.

How Rationality Leads to Sub-Optimal Outcomes

Human rationality. The exercise of reason, the unique capacity human beings possess to make sense of things, to establish and verify facts and to justify their beliefs and actions. Labelled as ‘homo economicus’ or ‘economic man’, the concept of humans as rational beings goes further than simply our ability to reason: it depicts humans as self-interested actors who have the ability to maximise their desired outcomes and minimise their costs. Comparing the costs and benefits of an action is known as rational choice theory and a rational human being is one that weighs up these potential outcomes and elects the decision that best optimises his chance to pursue his goals, or more bluntly put, his selfish interests.

The Prevalence of Eating Disorders - A Review of the Literature

Eating disorders date all the way back to the late 1800’s when doctors in England first discovered anorexia, even the ancient Greeks involved themselves in bulimia. As eating disorders date way back, they are still around today more than ever. Roughly 24 million people of all ages and genders suffer from an eating disorder in the U.S. (ANAD). With all of these people suffering from different forms of eating disorders, extensive amounts of research has been conducted to answer the following questions:
1. What are the different types of eating disorders?
2. What causes eating disorders?
3. Are there any treatments for eating disorders?
Eating disorders are psychological, and for a patient to be cured he or she must understand the complications of their disorder and be willing to change themselves.

What Are the Different Types of Eating Disorders?

Stress Support for Post-Secondary Students

Being a college student in the 21st century is full of exciting new challenges that can help them become who they want to be. With these exciting challenges comes the pressure to succeed, accompanied with the financial burden. Without the proper coping techniques the college experience may not be a pleasant one. If stress that is introduced or intensified by post secondary education is not dealt with properly, students may experience a cycle of difficulties. This can include long and short term mental and physical health problems, academic decline and a degenerative cycle of stress. In order to avoid this cycle it is important for post-secondary schools to have the stress-coping resources available to students anytime they are required.

Short Essay on The Effects of Technology on Families

Technology today is changing the way we do everything. The way we communicate, travel, market, import and export, everything. The past 20 years have seen an explosion of technological advancement unlike anything since the renaissance. People can talk to anyone, anywhere in the blink of an eye. We can cross over oceans in minutes. Technology even allows us to live completely isolated. Weaponry has advanced making war a whole new thing. Ideas can be transferred instantaneously making life incredibly easy and allowing people total comfort at home. The internet itself created millions of business opportunities and jobs, changing the economy drastically, but, what has technology done to families?

The Psychological Effects of Authoritarianism in Dance

Grandma Died Again: Goal Orientation and Excuses in the Classroom

Introduction

If you don't want to do something, one excuse is as good as another - Yiddish Proverb

As long as there have been college students and teachers there have been assignments and reasons for not completing those assignments on time. Certainly most college professors have experienced the quandary of what to do about missed assignments and their accompanying excuses, either while designing the class and the syllabus or during interactions with individual students. Should excuses be accepted and make-up examinations and assignments be developed? Should efforts be made to ascertain the validity of the claims? While the literature on excuse making in college students is not a large one, several important factors have been explored in the last decade.

Gender Roles - Biological and Socialization Factors Debated

Walking by a hospital nursery and looking in it can be seen that the babies do not look very different from each other. The one thing that can be seen: pink or blue hats. At birth, a child has a sex, but based on that it will be taught different ways to function in society throughout its life. The apparent differences between men and women other than physical ones are learned rather than innate. The nature versus nurture debate is one that will probably never be settled. Many people do believe that nature is the reason children grow up the way they do, but none of these ideas have been absolutely proven to be the reason behind male and female gender roles. There are many things in life that will help socialize the child to act either masculine or feminine. Parents, media, teachers, and peers are important socializing agents for teaching the young their gender roles. Men and women will learn how to act in relationships. Roles of men and women have changed over the last century, and it has been shown that different cultures have different ideas about gender roles.

Wages and Education - Identifying the Hypothesis of Three Separate Articles

The following paper is identifying the hypothesis of three separate articles. The selected articles in this essay are related to wages of individuals. The first article analysis is titled “Human Capital vs. Signaling Explanations of Wages” in the article the authors explain the differences of sorting models and human capital models in the work force. The second article is “Difference in wage levels among metropolitan areas: Less-educated workers in the United States” the article describes how five characteristics affect the wages of individuals in the United States. After identifying the hypothesis of the articles the next step is to test the hypothesis using T-test, ANOVA, and chi square. At the end of the testing the students interpret the results.
”Human Capital vs. Signalling Explantions of Wages.”

Application of Psychtoolbox for MATLAB in Experimental Psychology

Abstract: MATLAB stands for “Matrix Laboratory”, which is a numerical computing software environment and fourth-generation programming language, and Psychtoolbox (i.e. Psychophysics Toolbox) is a set of MATLAB and GNU Octave functions for basic psychology research, especially in vision research. With the assistance of MATLAB and Psychtoolbox, not only the designing and processing of an experiment could be significantly facilitated, but also the data statics and analyze. The two provide an effective method of software solution for the control of behavioral experiments. This paper proposed to make a brief overview of how MATLAB and Psychtoolbox work, as well their diverse functions and application fields of research. Also a comparison of MATLAB with other software frequently used is presented.

I. INTRODUCTION

Stigma: Conceptualization, Cross-Cultural Comparisons, and the Stigma of Sexual Minorities

Stigma Defined
Stigmatization has been referred to by Crocker, Major, and Steele (1998) as an essential challenge to an individual’s basic humanity. They explain that “a person who is stigmatized is a person whose social identity, or membership in some social category, calls into question his or her full humanity; the person is devalued, spoiled, or flawed in the eyes of others” (p. 504). Stigma, a term whose English usage dates back to the 1300’s, is derived from the same Greek roots as the verb “to stick”, and originally referred to a type of tattoo, or mark, that was cut or burned into the skin of criminals, slaves, or traitors in order to visibly identify them as blemished or morally polluted persons (Herek, 2004). These individuals were to be avoided or shunned, particularly in the public sphere (Healthline Network Inc., 2007). Stigma has been linked to poor mental health, physical illness, academic underachievement, infant mortality, low social status, poverty, and reduced access to housing, education, and jobs (Allison,1998; Braddock & McPartland, 1987; Clark et al., 1999).

Learning and Memory - Work Performed as an Instructional Coordinator Working With Children and Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Discorders

Chapter 1

Summary and Evaluation of a Randomized Controlled Trial for Internet-Based Treatment of Social Phobia

As indicated by Andersson et al. (2006), the ever-expanding applications of the World Wide Web have provided mental health professionals with a host of alternative means by which to provide services to individuals in need. Following from empirical evidence supporting the efficacy of cognitive-behavioral, internet-based treatments for psychological disorders, Andersson and his colleagues have sought to develop and test one such application for the treatment of social phobia, a potentially life-debilitating disorder. The researchers’ primary objective is to provide further evidentiary support for the use of internet-based techniques to treat social phobia, essentially transcending the geographic, economic and psycho-social obstacles to treatment that some individuals may encounter.

Important Concepts and Techniques of Psychodrama

Psychodrama is created and developed by J. L. Moreno, is a primarily group therapy approach in which the client acts out or dramatizes past, present, or anticipated life situations and roles in an attempt to gain deeper understanding, achieve catharsis, and develop behavioral skills. It can help client get in contact with unrecognized and unexpressed feelings, to provide a channel for a full expression of these feelings and attitudes, and to encourage new behavior. It is designed to facilitate the expression of feelings in spontaneous and dramatic way through the use of role playing.T It is processing without any script before enactment. In proceeding the psychodrama, five elements are essential and exist: The stage, the protagonist ( A person who is the subject of the psychodrama and its principle actor), the director ( A person who will use his professional skill to facilitate the psychodrama), the auxiliary ego ( Someone who assist in enacting some role ) and the audience. Each one has its own role and responsibility in the psychodrama.

To Be or Not to Be . . . Married?

What does it take to have a happy life? Is it important to be able to share important life events with someone? Is a better life one that is shared, or one in which each person is free to follow his or her dreams? A lot of people think that the only way to live a fulfilling life is by finding a mate, by becoming part of a couple. But is this the path to fulfillment? Or is this the path to a lot of sacrifice and compromise? Other people think that the best way to lead a fulfilling life is by staying single. But is this the path to fulfillment? Or is a single life just a path to boredom and ultimately loneliness? Some people may not think it is necessary to find a spouse in order to live a happy life, but those people are wrong. If you project into the future, it is easy to see that in order to lead a happy life, everyone should get married.

Nature of Logic and Perception Paper on Slavery

It seems like forever ago when it’s talked about which makes it seem even more unrealistic. I remember when I was just learning about it, I was naïve to the true facts. Slavery, here in the United States, “land of the free” how was I to believe that such awful things could happen to honest people. Slavery is a social-economic system under which certain persons known as slaves are deprived of personal freedom and compelled to perform labor or services (Wikipedia, 2008). This slavery happened in the United States between the years of 1914-1941 (Wikipedia, 2008). Black where held as slaves by white Americans and where demanded to do harsh labor either in fields of plantations or American family households. Though this slavery lasted for many many years they never stopped fighting for their freedom.

Television Violence and It's Effects on Children

What is the most violent act they have seen on television? It could have been a massacre, a fatal explosion or a cartoon. Whatever it may be, the probabilities of those images being imprinted in memory are substantial. As mature adults, the violent imagery may not cause any damage. Reed (2001), “The U.S. Senate Committee on the Judiciary produced a report entitled "Children, Violence, and the Media" in September of 1999. This report summarized its findings with a number of statistics, including the fact that "by age 18 an American child will have seen 16,000 simulated murders and 200,000 acts of violence” (para. 2). It is unbelievable that these images will not create an impression on the minds of the children who watch them. On July 2, 1999, in a small community in Dallas, Texas a seven year old boy was accidently killed by his brother while attempting the “clothesline” maneuver as seen on TV. More important, it was seen while watching the popular wrestling matches on television. This opened the nation’s eyes to the fact that children’s exposure to television violence results in aggressive behaviors.

EYE MOVEMENT DENSENSITIZATION AND REPROCESSING (EMDR):
A TREATMENT MODALITY FOR BEHAVIORAL PROBLEMS

A Dissertation Proposal

i
Abstract of Dissertation Presented to the
Graduate School of Argosy University/Sarasota
in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the
Degree of Doctor of Counseling Psychology

EYE MOVEMENT DENSENSITIZATION AND REPROCESSING (EMDR):
A TREATMENT MODALITY FOR BEHAVIORAL PROBLEMS

Department: School of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences

Discovering Identity Through Various Influences in Personal Experiences

Different people discover their identity in various ways through influences in their lives and personal experiences. Nancy Mairs for example identifies herself as a cripple stating “I choose this word to name me” (231). Another writer, Shelby Steele, characterizes himself as a “black professional” (366). However, all of these descriptions refer to the out ward appearance. Identity is extensively more that a person’s physique. It also includes personal values such as faith and character. Some people find their identity in their religion by following the set of moral codes. Others discover their identity in doing good works and helping others. Philanthropy and spirituality are not given to an individual. These actions, however, do contribute to the formation of a person’s identity. A person chooses to pursue a giving lifestyle, therefore choosing his identity and this “is where creation was begun” (Momaday 265). Consequently an identity is created, not given.

The Four Types of Cognitive Schemata

In the perception process we must select, organize and interpret that which we see, hear or feel. Constructivism is the idea that we organize and interpret experience by applying cognitive structures called cognitive schemata. There are four types of these schemata, prototypes, personal construct, stereotypes, and scripts which we use to make sense of phenomena. One or all of these tools can be used to organize our perceptions in a meaningful way.

The first of the schemata is known as a prototype. A prototype defines the clearest or most representative examples of some category. It is an ideal or best example, of a particular category. Stating that a particular person would make the ideal friend, or that someone is the perfect worker, are both means of prototyping. We classify people by the category that most represents them. Then we consider how well they measure up.

Different Character Attributes and Their Effect on Forming Impressions

Abstract

The purpose of this experiment was to discover whether presence of the words “warm” or “cold” have an influence on participants’ first impressions of people. Participants rated their own personal attributes and the attributes of a fictitious person. Based on the condition group, participants were told that the person was either “warm,” “cold,” or neither “warm” nor “cold.” Ratings of the person were affected by participants’ condition group. Effects were significant only with regards to ratings social traits of the person. Perceived liking of the person was significantly affected by participant’s condition group. And, participants gave a higher rating for liking when there was perceived similarity with the person. These results were consistent with findings of previous studies by Asch and Kelley.

Different Character Attributes and Their Effect on Forming Impressions

Literature Summary - Psychology Today Article "Happy Hour"

Psychology Today is a magazine focused on dealing with mental health topics related to emotional wellbeing, relationship/family issues, and other more serious psychological conditions. The writers of this adult magazine have extensive expertise in the field of psychology, both clinically and academically. Many articles in Psychology Today are written by, and rely upon information provided by, doctors, Ph.D.'s, and other trained professionals in the field. This magazine seems genuinely dedicated to promoting sound, reliable, scientific information of a psychological nature.

Since psychology is the science of the human mind and behavior, this magazine clearly fits into the category of life sciences. The selected article, “Happy Hour,” in the February 2005 edition of Psychology Today, is about the human quest for finding true happiness. Since happiness is a fundamental human emotion, this article’s topic is also directly related to life sciences.

Criminology

Sociologists and psychologists alike all over the world have always tried to answer why people commit crimes. Throughout the world governments have their own ways of dealing with offenders. Programs are set in place and others are in development in order to figure out what deters criminals from being offenders. Ireland has a program set in place called Nenagh Community Reparation Project. This program is based around the victim and offers closure instead of concentrating on punishing the offender only. The way the program is developed it allows reparation to victims and adequate punishment for the offender without having to serve any time in jail. Bringing this program to the United States would definitely be of great help in certain crimes and I will offer more insight in regards to my beliefs on this subject.

Defining a Universal Measure of Progress

Progress is an interesting process, suggesting beneficial advancement of something with respect to a point in time. To define a universal measure of progress with respect to mankind, one would have to first look at what are basic necessities for all human beings. To define what the basic human needs are, one must examine what is needed for human survival. All human beings need food, clean water, and the ability to cope, maintain their existence, with their environment. Survival also implies that people reproduce and carry on generation to generation. Now that the basic human needs, a universal definition of progress can be ascertained. A universal measure of progress for mankind is the beneficial advancement of society’s abilities to meet the basic human needs for their individual societies. Now that a definition for a universal measure of progress has been established, one must find out how to evaluate progress in any given society.

According to Whetten, D & Cameron, K (p8 pp1) management skills are in fact behavioural. They are not personality attributes or stylistic tendencies. Management skills consist of identifiable sets of actions that individuals perform and that lead to certain outcomes. Skills can be observed by others, unlike attributes that are purely mental or are embedded in personality. Whereas people with different styles and personalities may apply the skills differently, there are, nevertheless, a core set of observable attributes in effective skill performance that are common across a range of individual differences.

Second management skills are controllable. The performance of these behaviours is under the control of the individual. Skills can be consciously demonstrated, practiced, improved or restrained by individuals themselves.

Third management skills are developable. Performance can improve. Unlike IQ or certain personality or temperament attributes that remain relatively constant throughout life, individuals can improve their competency in skill performance through practise and feedback.

Fourth, management skills are interrelated and overlapping.

Preschool Years

The preschool years are an intresting time for children. This is the time when they learn how to make choices for themselves and feel good about the choices they make. Thier style of thinking and learning are based on the way things look. Adults play a very important role in helping kids take action and explore thier surroundings through physical development, thinking and learing, expressing feelings, communications and awareness of others.

Society and Change

In today’s society there are many social norms and situations that are broken by individuals that make up a group of people that is outside the box of normality. We as a normal society view those individuals as outsiders or criminals that don’t abide by the same governing ethical laws as the rest of the”normal” population. Many times individuals use his or her authority to push others into submission. There are many examples in today’s current events that reflect this type of behavior.

The conflict perspective of sociology is reflected in the teacher-student relationship in a number of ways and situations. The power the teacher holds over the student seeks to make him or her conform to what the teacher wants. Opinions or dissenting scenarios are not solicited or encouraged in this type of situation.

Sociology Perspective Paper

“Save the Cheerleader Save the World” is one of the most popular catch phrases used today. This comes from a serial sage called Heroes. This saga is about many different people from all over the world discovering that they have superpowers and trying to deal with how this change will affect their lives. This cast is made up of many different people with many different backgrounds.

Sociology Paper – Gender in Sports

Sports is a place where the “truth” about men and women is demonstrated.
Sports are sex-segregated and that segregation is defended viciously.
Notice that the gender binary is an ideological function of sport – not a reality.
The vast majority of people to whom sport is important are primarily spectators. These spectators are primarily men. And these men are no more or less athletic than the vast majority of women.

In Michael Messner’s article, Becoming 100% Straight, he talks about his own experience and the experience of Olympian Tom Waddell.
It was important to them try to be the appropriate kind of man. Messner and Waddell could prove it on the sports field and by denigrating other men and women. Importantly, they knew if they didn’t do it, they’d be targets.

Athlete as an identity
Like gender, “athlete” is an important, formative and enduring part of who you are.
It is something you “do,” NOT a something injected into you that you “have.”
It shapes what you expect of yourself and how others relate to you and it interacts with other identities (gender, race, class etc)

Men as athletes

A Summary of an Empirical Journal Article

Summary

There have been many studies that have attempted to correlate the relationship between maternal employment in the early years of a child’s life or a child’s time in day care to child development. Some studies have shown that children in an extensive amount of daycare have negative developmental effects while others have shown the opposite (Barglow, Contera, Kavesh & Vaughn, 1998). To further develop theory and determine whether the amount of hours of maternal employment during the child’s first year has an influence on this subject matter Barglow et al. (1998) conducted a follow-up study on 92 6-7 year old children that were earlier studied at age one, who spent time in high quality daycare at their home. Barlgow et al. focused their study on evaluating peer competence and problem behaviour measured through laboratory play and child psychological tests. Additionally Barlgow et al. attempted to see if child’s attachment classification at an early age relates to peer competence and if this is affected by maternal employment.

The High Rates of Divorce
What Impact does it have on Children?

The United States has the highest divorce rate in the world. Its four point nine divorces per one thousand people. Sri Lanka has one of the lowest divorce rates at one point three per one thousand people. Of all divorced people aged twenty five and older fifty five percent men and forty four percent of women have remarried. In two thousand one seventeen percent American wives were in their second marriages and three percent were in their or later marriage.

Eating Disorders
Terms, Definitions and Symptoms

An eating disorder is best defined as severe disturbances in eating patterns. The three main types of eating disorders are anorexia, bulimia, and binge eating. Individuals who have an eating disorder have a tendency to eat a lot than purge or may eat too little. A popular element around all eating disorders however, is the victims have low self-esteem.

A popular question asked would be what causes an eating disorder?

A common explanation found would be - Chemicals in the brain are called neurotransmitters control how the body makes and releases hormones. People with eating disorders have very low levels of two neurotransmitters called serotonin and norepinephrine. These two search the brain pituitary glands to make and release hormones that control the bodies neuroendocrine system. This system controls emotions, physical development, memory and heart beat. When the hormone production stops, the functions start acting slower.

How has your Family History, Culture, or Environment Influenced Who you are?

I remember vividly the day I spent picking strawberries with my grandfather. I was twelve years old and my family had just moved back to Florida after living in Iceland for three and a half years. My Pappy was a tall, tattooed, skinny old sailor with wispy white once red-blonde hair that, in his youth, had suggested his Scotch-Irish temper. He loved beer and baseball and wouldn’t hesitate to light a fire under a wayward male cousin of mine, but that fiery temper never fell on me, I was his favorite grandchild. “Bridgette,” he’d say, “I love all my grandbabies, but from the day you were born you’ve always been my girl.” I’d always blush fiercely in response and hug him tightly. I’d missed him terribly during our tour in the land of fire and ice.

Willpower

Some people think that physical characteristics are more important than emotional traits like willpower. The quote “the difference between a successful person and others is not a lack of strength, not a lack of knowledge, but rather a lack of will” states that people need inner strength more than outer strength. I personally agree with this statement, and a number of texts do as well.

“The Glass Castle” is a memoir written by Jeannette Walls. It details her struggles though her childhood battling poverty, injuries, homelessness, and some self-debilitating parents. It took all of her willpower to just stay positive, especially with not having food more times than not. When faced with her parents actions, such as her father and mother squandering what little money they had on booze and art supplies, respectively, she stayed tough and rooted through various dumpsters in her area for an apple or two. It could not have been physical strength that kept her alive, because she was extremely malnourished.